Egyptian Love Poems Essay - 1239 Words

Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. How they made sense of love 3 3. Girl, boy and society 4 4. 3 Themes of love prevalent in Love Songs 5 5. Conclusion 6 6. Work cited 7 1. Introduction During the time of ancient Egypts New Kingdom, love songs were recorded and later discovered by excavators. The importances of these songs are that they contradicted the perception which Egyptologists had of the ancient Egyptians. No longer were the ancient Egyptians viewed as being a dull society, focused on death and the afterlife, but rather a society with a love for living through loving love itself (Fowler 1994:xiv). Thus, in this essay, through analyzing the Ramesside love songs, I shall explore this different view†¦show more content†¦Thus, what we can deduct from the love songs is that the ancient Egyptians understood and could make sense of what the concept love was and meant to themselves and their society. 3. Girl, boy and society Now that is clear that the ancient Egyptians could understand what love was, the question begs as to what this understanding entailed. When analyzing ancient Egyptian love songs, what I firstly noted was that the concept of love was not stereotyped in being predominantly a masculine or a feminine concept. Both men and woman expressed their emotions of both pain and joy throughout (Fowler 1994:30). However, some contrast does exist in a few songs in that girls are portrayed as being more assertive, more dominant and taken more initiative than boys (Fowler 1994:40). This is clear as boys are never portrayed in addressing their loved one in the second person, rather in the third person and also, does not initiate action but rather sits and waits for action to come his way (Fowler 1994:62). Thus, these love songs provide us with an insight into the manner which couples behaved, and were viewed by others when in love. This view and understanding of love I believe is a direct reflection of the ancient Egyptian society where woman were seen as being sexually untrustworthy and men the slave to this sexual nature of woman. Furthermore, although it is clear that the concept of love was symbolized through the ultimate togetherness of lovers, beingShow MoreRelatedThe Connection Between Nature And Love1066 Words   |  5 Pagesrenounced artist, Vincent Van Gough once said, â€Å"If you truly love nature, you will find beauty everywhere†. Often people associate nature with just being the outdoors, plants, and animals, but it also can be more than that, such as human nature. In other words, the art and desires of humans and what is considered â€Å"natural†. This connection of human nature is depicted through the desires and human love shown in the Egyptian love poems. 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One value of Sumer and of Mesopotamia is the love of religion and the beliefs in their gods. Religion plays a huge role in the values of the Sumerians as each large settlement has a temple where a priestly class acts as managers. Worship held a central role in Sumerian life, even as much that theyRead MoreCommentary English Poetry Ib Sample779 Words   |  4 PagesA Commentary on Behavior of Fish in an Egyptian Tea Garden by Keith Douglas. *The description of the men drawn to her starts with the rich cotton magnate immediately establishing the hierarchy the author seeks to show*. This hierarchy is further developed*in the actions of the different suitors. The rich magnate ‘through the frail reefs of furniture swims out’, the inverted syntax* in the line* suggesting grace and power. *T*he self-assured manner in which he acts suggests that the rich man is above

Elderly Drivers Outline Free Essays

Elderly Drivers Specific Purpose: We want our audience to agree that the physically disabled elderly people need to retake their test or prove that they can drive before actually getting behind the wheel of a car. Thesis Statement: These elderly drivers, who are physically disabled, should not be driving without retaking the test or doing something to prove they are still capable to drive. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Elderly Drivers Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Elderly are terrible drivers. A. The elderly are an increasing population of bad drivers, because of their health. B. Those include medical conditions like diabetes, having heart problems, having poor eyesight and being delusional. C. People with health risk or even something simple as just wearing glasses should â€Å"renew† their license, and to pass should have to take a small series test as simple as an eye exam. D. Overall, people over the age of 70 should have to perform a simple test to renew their license. II. Problem: According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the population of drivers 70 and older is expected to increase from 27. 8 million in 2010 to 51. 7 million in 2030 and 67 million in 2050. The rapid increase in the older driver population has led to concerns about the potential effects on traffic safety associated with this trend. A. Based on data reported by states to the Federal Highway Administration, there were approximately 22. 3 million licensed drivers 70 and older in 2010. B. A NHTSA study of 1995 FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System) data reports that senior citizens accounted for: * 5% of all people injured in traffic crashes * 13% of all traffic fatalities * 13% of all vehicle occupant fatalities * 18% of all pedestrian fatalities C. If the elderly continue to drive as their health problems increase, they will not only be putting their selves at risk, but the rest of the population as well. III. Criteria for Solution: The solutions cannot be physically, mentally, or emotionally harmful to the driver. It has to be fair, affordable, and feasible. IV. Possible Solutions: There are a number of solutions that could help prevent harm to drivers of old age. A. Re-test the people over the age of 70+ in every state. B. Give mid-year health check-ups on the elderly to check their capability to drive an automobile. C. On the license plate of an elderly driver, have an identifier on it to signify that it is an elderly driver. D. Make it mandatory to have a passenger with a license to ride in the car with them. E. Check for any diseases, and health risks that would put the driver at risk or being hurt. F. Make sure the person knows the area they drive in. It has to be familiar to them. V. Best Possible Solution: Re-Test the elderly after a certain age. A. Maryland state law allows police, doctors, and residents including relatives to refer potentially unfit drivers to the Motor Vehicle Administration’s Medical Advisory Board. B. A 2004 Florida law requiring that older drivers pass a vision test before getting a license renewed has helped cut the death rate among drivers 80 and older by 17%, according to researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Conclusion: In conclusion, we believe people should have to retake a driving test and vision and hearing test every few years to prove they are still safe and capable drivers. Reflective Thinking Sequence 1. Elderly drivers cause younger drivers to have road rage and put their self at risk. We can limit the problem by making drivers at the age of 70 retake the driving test. . The causes of the problem are the elderly’s vision and hearing getting bad. As they get older, they face more problems. 3. The effects of the problem are people getting hurt or put into danger. The driver puts their self into danger and then gets hurt by other drivers or other drivers hurt them. 4. The criteria in which the solutions should be judged are: Health checkups e very few years, have another responsible driver in the car with the elderly, and/or retake the driving test at the age of 70. 5. A possible solution is to have the driver retake the driving test at the age of 70. A strength would be better drivers on the road. A weakness is they may not want to retake the test. 6. The best solution is to make it mandatory for drivers at the age of 70 to retake the test. 7. We can put it into effect by making the retest a requirement at the age of 70. It’s not illegal because some states already put this into effect. Citations â€Å"Elderly Driving. † Elderly Driving. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. stritch. luc. edu/depts/injprev/Transprt/tran3. htm;. â€Å"Fatality Facts: Elderly. † Fatality Facts: Elderly. Transsaftey Inc, n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. ;http://www. usroads. com/journals/rilj/0101/ri010102. htm;. Copeland, L. (2009, July 6). States seek tests for older drivers. . Retrieved from http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/nation/2009-07-05-older-drivers_N. htm Taira, E. D. , M. Maynard, and M. J. Madigan. Assessing the driving ability of the elderly, a preliminary investigation. Binghampton, New York: Routledge, 1991. 215. Print. Rothe, John, Peter Cooper, and Brian De Vires. The Safety Of Elderly Drivers: Yesterdays Young, Todays Traffic. Transaction Publishers, 1990. 435. Print. How to cite Elderly Drivers Outline, Essay examples

Diamante Poem Example For Students

Diamante Poem Diamante Poem Basics Diamante poem defined are diamond-shaped poems that use nouns, adjectives, and gerunds to describe either one central topic or two opposing topics (for example, night/day or winter/spring). Diamante poem format follow a specific format that uses nouns on the first and last lines, adjectives on the second and six lines, and gerunds (-ing words in the third and fifth lines Line 1 of poem (one word) a noun or subject in one word. Line 2 of poem (2 adjectives) two adjectives that describe the noun or subject in line one. Line 3 of poem (3 -ing words) Three ing words that describe the noun or subject in line one. Line 4 of poem (4 nouns ) Four nouns the first two are connected with line 1; the last two are connected with line 7 Line 5 of poem (3 -ing words that describe line 7) three -ing words that describe line 7) Line 6 of poem (2 adjectives) two adjectives that describe line 7 Line 7 of poem (synonym for line 1) Noun synonym for the noun or subject in line 1

Martian Chronicles Essays - Fiction, Science Fiction,

Martian Chronicles Ray Bradbury's the Martian Chronicles is a futuristic story about space travel, invasion and planet colonization. Analyzing characters in this twenty-eight-chapter novel is extremely difficult because every chapter includes different characters, which are oriented to form the plot. Each chapter's characters are used to show the founding of the planet Mars, the colonization of it, the destruction of Earth and almost the whole human race, and finally the rebuilding of the human civilization on Mars. The story starts off in the year of 1999 and ends twenty-seven years later in 2026. Ray Bradbury doesn't just tell his story from the point of view of the space travelers and the colonizers, but from angry Martians who were trying to kill the humans or Martians later on who were just having a conversation with a human about Mars, also people seeing the great colonial change happen. Captain Wilder was the captain of the fourth expedition to Mars from Earth. The three expeditions before had failed because either the Martians tricked and killed the earthlings or the earth people were thought of as mentally ill and sent to a hospital on Mars. Later on in the story when there are towns on Mars, the very few Martians are not discriminated against because the people on Mars were kind people who were in search of new things and seeing Martians was rare. Luckily the minor human sickness, chicken pox, had killed off most of the Martians accidentally. Captain Wilder and his crew explored the planet and responded to Earth to say that the missions were successful, and with only a few complications. Captain Wilder with his Crew of Jeff Spender, Hathaway, Sam Parkhill, Cheroke, Gibbs and a few other men help begin to portray the theme of the story, by finding Mars and seeing that it was safe (this was in the beginning of the story, but in the last several chapters they are brought back as veterans of Mars when it is deserted). The theme is that humans are not a great race of colonizers, but they are really just destructive. All that was left for Earth to do was send the settlers to colonize Mars. Jeff Spender was a very quiet fellow; the crew called him, "the Lonely One." When Jeff reached Mars, he was outraged on how humans had killed this Martian race by a measly child irritation to some children. He left the group and learned as much as he could about their language and culture. Eventually Jeff became angry with humans because he knew what they would do to what was left of the alien culture when they colonize Mars. He said that unlike humans this race did not ask why we are here, they just enjoyed and basked in the rays of life. The Martian culture was magnificent and Jeff did not want it to be destroyed. Therefore his goal was not to let anyone colonize Mars. Jeff went back to Wilder's camp and shot Gibbs whom he greatly disliked because of his immature enmity towards the Martian culture. He then shot four more men who were eating lunch peacefully. Captain Wilder was a very serious and staid figure and also a good friend of Jeff Spender. Jeff thought that Wilder would understand his reasoning, but he was wrong. Wilder did not like that Jeff had killed his buddies and coworkers. Eventually after a long chase through the thin air of Mars, Wilder talked it over with Spender, but obviously they did not agree over this matter. This external conflict was solved and finished when Jeff was finally shot before he could stop the colonization of Mars by killing all space travelers. Captain Wilder's expedition was successful. After this mission was complete, Captain Wilder was sent with his crew to Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune for exploring. "I heard they had kicked you upstairs so you wouldn't interfere with colonial policy here on Mars," exclaimed Mr. Hathaway in 2026 after meeting up again with Captain Wilder. Captain Wilder had not changed since that fourth expedition to Mars; he was still the same serious and adventurous character, except a little older of course. Captain Wilder and his crew, Mr. Hathaway and his family, two other people left who did not go back to Earth and another family were the only people left on Mars. They were in charge of rebuilding the human race on Mars because the Earth was being destroyed in a twenty-year world war. Human civilization was starting all over again. This book is

Continue and Continue on

Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on Continue and Continue on By Maeve Maddox Ralph Mielcarek writes: Please explain: Is the phrase CONTINUE ON - giving advice or instruction, considered redundant, or will CONTINUE suffice? The phrase continue on generally triggers a blackboard moment for me. I accept the use of the on in a statement such as Talks continue on the topic of global warming but I see no use for on for a statement such as The children may continue on with their search for leaves. The entry for continue on in Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage acknowledges ongoing objections to the phrase: A half dozen or more commentators from Ayres 1881 to Chambers 1985 have dismissed continue on as a redundancy, with the on considered (usually) superfluous. Ayres himself found the on to be euphonious in some expressions, but superfluous in others. Later commentators seem to have missed the euphony. One, however, Safire 1984, defends the expression when applied to travel. The entry concludes: If you are one of the few who use continue on, you may keep right on using it. And if you do not use it, of course, there is no reason to begin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceHyper and HypoWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains

Big Bazaar one of leading Indian retail chains Executive Summary Big-Bazaar is one the leading retail chain in India. This retail chain is exemplary in terms of performance. Many other business leaders have entered in this retail business seeing the success of Big-Bazaar in India. It is considered epitome of operational and efficiency excellence in India. IT is one of the most successful ventures initiated by Kishore Biyani of Future Group. With the success of this retail chain, it has expanded its branches all over the India and now they are planning to venture into a foreign land. This is the study of Big-Bazaar’s marketing plan if it will plan to enter in United Arab Emirates. Through this study we are planning to have detailed study of Big-Bazaar future plan of entry in United Arab Emirates. This Study will check the Marketing Objective, Marketing plan, Financial Plan and resource acquisition plan of Big-Bazaar with its retail chain launch in United Arab Emirates. This study will study in detail about the profit gener ation, Retail chain operational planning and its profit generation analysis. Here, we will start from where we have left last time. We did cultural analysis and enabling factors for Big-Bazaar in last Phase I project. Now in phase II project we are going in detail about the study of marketing plan and promotion mix to attract customer and to establish its trademark operational efficiency in providing superior service at rock Bottom price. Here, in this study we will take the traditional approach of making the marketing plan of Big-Bazaar. We will proceed in the following manner. First we are going to study about the marketing objective, and then we will start with the Marketing plan. This will be followed by financial plan which will detail about the financial items like product costing and financial statements including income statements. We will discuss about the promotion mix and resource requirement for the retail chain operation. Marketing Plan Introduction Marketing Plan will check how to strategize the opening of Big-Bazaar retail chain in UAE. It will also check out the advertisement, Packaging and promotion plans for this new retail chain. The detailed study will work as the starting plan for the launch of product in UAE and it will then be made to change gradually with sale increase from the expectation to the aspired. It will change with course of time depending on the success and failure of the program. We are going to study about the marketing tactics in this section. Marketing Objective Target Market Citizens of United Arab Emirates will be the target market for Big-Bazaar. Presence of lot of expatriates will be boon for the company as they have the ready visibility for this brand. For Company the basic target group will be the shoppers who are willing to spend their money economically and those who the value of their money. Therefore our target customer will be the people who are married and who belong to the middle class family. Company will al so be cashing on the presence of Indians there. (Retail Market in Middle East)

Critical Thinking as the Basic Tenets of the Scientific Method Assignment

Critical Thinking as the Basic Tenets of the Scientific Method - Assignment Example What strengthens the connection between the reliability and validity of claims is when the observations in phenomenon are properly and logically explained via thorough interpretation of the results using ideas which were previously proven to be true in the past by repeatable methods and results (Tittle 235). A short process of critical thinking is mentioned in the following list: It is noticeable that in this stepwise manner, observation comes first before interpretation, and this is important because this helps in the development of logically establishing the validity, reliability, and strong value of the results (236). Learning how to think critically is a challenging way of setting up the validity of certain events or phenomenon, especially during the times when the Earth happens to move and shake, or when the atmosphere seems to become ominous or poses a danger to its inhabitants. For example, it is through repeated observations of natural events such as tornadoes or thunderstorms that people can be advised on what to do when these strike places (Wicander & Monroe 11). If not for critical thinking, people would constantly panic or run around, endangering themselves in the process. Also, because certain events have strong tendencies to be the same wherever they occur, such as volcanic eruptions or earthquakes, much more sensitive ways of observing such phenomena can be developed, which in turn not only increases reliability of observed information but also helps in better understanding the reasons why and how such natural geologic phenomena affects and shapes the  planet.

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 - Essay Example Given the harsh rhetoric against Israel in the Middle East for the past few decades, it may be a matter of time until one of those neighbors develops the support, and the military resources, to invade and devastate the tiny Israeli nation as a means of removing the Jewish presence from Jerusalem. This kind of conflict would ignite the entire Middle East in a war against the West, given the support that Israel enjoys from the United States and Europe. Therefore, the 2006 July War was not only a frightening experience for the parties directly involved, but the whole world. Although Israel received much criticism for its unmatched hostilities against Hezbollah and Lebanon, one could certainly argue that Israel was justified in taking those measures. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah paramilitary forces engaged an Israeli patrol on the Israeli side of the border. This left three Israeli soldiers dead and two captured. Ehud Olmert, the Prime Minister of Israel, responded with systematic bombing s of southeastern Lebanon, which killed far more civilians than Hezbollah fighters. Hezbollah responded to these bombings with unsystematic, indiscriminate missile launches at towns and civilians in northern Israel. One side, the Israelis, endeavored to take away Hezbollah’s ability to fight. The other side, Hezbollah, vowed to keep going until Israel stopped its aggression. When the conflict stopped by UN ceasefire on August 14th, nearly 1,000 Lebanese were dead and nearly a million were displaced by the violence. The economies of both countries clearly suffered, especially with the destruction of vast infrastructures in Lebanon, which essentially put that country 20 years behind. Through this experience, however, one could certainly argue that Hezbollah was the winner, not Israel, despite the extensive damage done by the Israeli forces to Lebanon. Knowing that Israel’s objective during the July War was to destroy Hezbollah’s ability to engage in war and kill I sraeli civilians, Israel failed to more than temporarily diminish that ability. The Lebanese people grew to identify with Hezbollah through the experience, partly because they saw Hezbollah as their only protectors against the huge Israel. However, Hezbollah has been reportedly restocked with weapons from Syria and Iran, which means that this kind of conflict could restart at any time in the near future (Tristam, 2006). With Hezbollah’s increased support from other countries, it is a dangerous situation right now for Israel, who saw its reputation suffer deeply from the events of the July War. But even though Israel’s reputation suffered as a result of its actions in July 2006, one could very well argue, as many Zionists and supporters of Israel have done, that their actions were justified in the way of Hezbollah’s initial aggression (Bentov, 2007). Clearly, the killing of Israel soldiers by another military is an act of war. Unfortunately for Israel, Hezbollah is not a true â€Å"military† in the sense that it has a standing army. Israel then targeted their enemy as closely as they could, but failed to achieve the kind of precision that would have earned them victory. Perhaps Israel would have benefited from using tactical forces on the ground, and not using its air force to bomb targets in crowded urban areas. Despite that, it seems Israel was entitled to some

The Unorganised Sector Issues And Concerns Essay Example for Free

The Unorganised Sector Issues And Concerns Essay Problems of Definition The bulk of the Indian labour force is employed in what is loosely referred to as unorganised sector. Most of them are neither organised nor hive any access to social security. Their employment is unprotected, their wages are extremely low, and a large section of them live under conditions below the poverty line. The developmental efforts by the state have done little to improve their living coalitions. This is a matter of concern not only for the trade unions but also for every rational person in this country. Defining the term unorganised sector is a difficult task indeed. Apart from the conceptual difficulties, the definition also depends on who is defining it and for what purpose. There are broadly three different usages of the term. Firstly, the government plan documents m-id demographic surveys extensively use the term. According to this usage, the unorganised sector is defined rather negatively, is comprising of the labour force that falls outside the organised sector. The organised sector is defined is the one covering labour force employed in all the enterprises in the public sector and only the non-agricultural establishments in the private sector employing 10 or more workers The criterion of 10 is derived from the Factories Act, which covers all the establishments employing 10 or more people. This definition though indicative of the structure of employment fails to qualify each sector, and therefore leaves many questions unanswered. It nonetheless serves the purpose of government planning and projections. Given the fact that unorganised sector accounts for more than 90% of the labour force in the country, the inadequacies of this definition as reflected in the statistical data, appear to be marginal, even though in actual terms the numbers may be very high. Another governmental source, which defines the unorganised sector, again for statistical and administrative purposes, is that of the Central Statistical Organisation. According to this definition, the unorganised sector includes all those unincorporated enterprises and  household industries (other than the organised ones) which are not regulated by any legislation and which do not maintain annual accounts or balance sheets. This definition also serves the limited administrative purposes, and does not qualify the sector. In any case, both the above definitions are based on the existing legal framework, whether concerning labour or business establishments, and are therefore liable to change with every change in legislation. Therefore, these definitions are hardly adequate tools for social analysis. The second source of definition of the term unorganised sector is literature in the economics discipline. Economists have tried to define this sector in terms of the organisation of capital, nature of products, technologies used (traditional or modern), the markets served (local or general) or the consumers of the products (rich or poor) The thesis has been that the unorganised sector is characterised by low technology that it caters to local markets and to consumers who come from the lower segment of the society. There are many difficulties with this definition too. Bannerji argues that attempts at clearly delineating the character of the unorganised sector have not been successful because such clear-cut demarcation is not universally valid. The exact combination of activities that actually exist in any one region at a given time, seem to be an outcome of the interaction of various factors such as complexity of the economy, the actual extent and distribution of control of investment resources and the technological choices available to that economy. Since the configuration of such factors is almost always specific to each situation, what is true of one country at one time, fails to apply to another Attempts to distinguish the two sectors on the basis of products, markets and technologies have a severe limitation, bec ause of the extensive linkages that exist between the sectors, very often the organised sector taking advantage of the low cost operation in the unorganised sector to manufacture its own products which are for general market. Moreover, bulk of the export goods are manufactured in tile unorganised sector through a systematic decentralisation of the production process and the putting-out system. The third usage of the term unorganised sector is by the trade unions and those concerned with labour. The attempt made by Nirmala Bannerji comes under this category of usage of the term. According to her, the unorganised sector usually consists of productive activities with  loosely formed groups bound by diverse types of informal working contracts. It includes a section of the self-employed, wage earners, family producers as also household workers. The significance of this definition is that it brings in the nature of employment relationship as the main factor that distinguishes organised from the unorganised sector. The unorganised sector consists of productive activities carried out by loosely formed groups which are bound by informal contracts. Even though Bannerji’s definition brings out the most imp ortant characteristic feature of the unorganised sector, from labours point of view, further exploration is required to get an insight into the complexity and the diversity of this sector. There are certain fundamental difficulties in using the existing categories of organised sector and unorganised sector for trade union purposes. Trade unions by their very nature are essentially concerned with protecting labour from exploitation and arbitrariness of whoever employs them. If labour Protection is taken is the basic criterion of the trade unions, then organised and unorganised cease to be homogeneous categories, because we find unprotected labour in both the sectors. Even though the unorganised sector accounts for the majority of them, even the organised sector has its own share of unprotected labour in the form of casual, contract, badli, and temporary workers whose employment conditions are similar to those in the unorganised sector. One may argue that the proportion of the unprotected labour in the organised sector is very marginal. This is however not true, because, during the eighties there has been a gradual decline in permanent employment accompanied by a sharp rise in the casual employment. A recent survey of seven major industries, commissioned by Friedrich Ebert Foundation in 1991, reports that during the eighties, in almost all the industries the proportion of casual and temporary employment has increased phenomenally, ranging between a quarter to nearly half of the total workforce. The National Sample Survey data also show a similar trend. According to this data, in the organised sector, the employment growth rate has declined from 2.48 per cent during 1977-78 1983 to 1.38 per cent during 1983 1987-88. In the organised manufacturing sector, particularly, employment had virtually stagnated during 1983- 1987-88. Given the above trends, from the trade union perspective, it would be fallacious to characterise organised sector as the protected sector, and the unorganised sector as the  unprotected sector. Apart from these conceptual difficulties, very often, among the trade union circles, there exists confusion between the terms unorganised sector and unorganised labour. Many use these terms synonymously, even though there is a substantial difference between the two. While the former refers to the unorganised part of the industry or the whole economy, the latter refers to workers who are not organised as trade unions. It is true that the bulk of the labour force in the unorganised sector is not organised, but at the same time there are also unorganised workers in the organised sector. Similarly, there are also some workers within the unorganised sector, as we shall see, who are organised as trade unions. From a purely trade union point of view, it may be more appropriate to use the terms protected sector and unprotected sector which cut across both organised and unorganised sectors. However, it would be impossible to totally discard the terms that are currently in use because the entire edifice of the statistical data is built on this foundation. Nonetheless, it would be useful to be aware of the inadequacies of the existing categories. One needs to be, particularly, careful while interpreting the official data. Labour in the Unorganised Sector Keeping the above mentioned definitional problems in view, let us now examine the salient features of the labour force in the unorganised sector as reflected in the official data. According to 1991 census, the total labour force in India is estimated to be 317 millions. Out of this, the organised sector employs only 26.8 millions (8.5 %), while the unorganised sector employs as many as 290.2 millions, (91.5 %) (See Chart 1 and Table 1). Pension scheme for agricultural labourers all over the country. As discussed earlier, the distinction between these two sectors is very crucial from the point of view of employment relationship. It is not clear from the census data whether the figures for the organised sector employment include the casual / contract workers also. If it does, then the proportion of the protected labour will be less than 8.5 per cent. While the majority of workers in the organised sector hive regular salaried jobs in the registered factories and service establishments, the workers in the unorganised sector are either self-employed or work as casual wage labourers in a wide range of sectors both non-agricultural and agricultural. The crucial distinction between the sectors is the nature of employment relationship. Going by Bannerji’s definition cited earlier, the unorganised sector includes agricultural labourers, construction workers, forest workers, fish workers, beedi workers, workers in smal l and tiny industrial units, powerloom and handloorn workers, self-employed workers, domestic workers and so on. If we use the term unprotected sector, then the list also includes all the casual / contract workers employed in the organised sector. Technically, labour laws do not differentiate between organised and unorganised sectors. However, in practice, they provide ample opportunities to the employers and their contractors to deny basic rights to certain categories of workers. As we shall see later, there are certain structural problems, which make, it difficult for workers to assert their rights. In the organised sector, for instance, the production strategies such as subcontracting, ancillarisation, etc., are essentially geared to by-pass the protective legislations. As a result, over the years, the proportion of casual and contract labour has  been increasing in almost all the industries in both private and public sector. An important characteristic feature of the unorganised sector is that it employs a large number of women. The relative proportion of female workers is very high in this sector. As shown in Table 1, only 4.2% of the total female workers (as defined in Census) are in the organised sector. The corresponding percentage for male workers is 10.2%. The difference is rather striking if we look at the absolute figures. As against 23 million male workers there are only 3.8 million female workers in the organised sector. That is, for every six male workers there is only one female worker. In contrast to this, in the unorganised sector, there are 86.8 million women workers against 203.4 million male workers. That is, there is one woman worker for every two and odd male workers. Table 2 shows the sex distribution in both the sectors. In the organised sector, women constitute 14.2%, whereas in the unorganised sector they constitute 30%. In terms of wages and earnings, there exists a substantial difference between the organised and the unorganised sectors. Table 3 shows the aggregate figures for the year 1981. Out of the total annual income of Rs.87,840 crores, the self-employed workers earned Rs.44,719 crores (50.9%,) while the wage and salary earners earned Rs.43,121 crores (49.1%). Within the wage earners category, the organised sector accounted for Rs.24,850 (28.3%) while the unorganised sector accounted for Rs.18,271 crores (20.8%). If we look at overall sector-wise figures by combining self-employed and the wage earners in the unorganised sector, we would get the broad picture of earnings in the unorganised sector in contrast to those in the organised sector. The unorganised sector accounts for 71.7 per cent of the total earnings in comparison to 28.3 of the organised sector. The organised sector workers, even though account for only nine-tenth of the total workforce, earn more than one-fourth (one third according to the latest figures) of the nations total wages and incomes. The figures of the average annual income per worker bring out the contrast between the sectors more sharply. While the organised sector worker earned Rs.10,851 per annum, the wage earner in the unorganised sector earned Rs.2,482 and the self-employed person earned Rs. 3,549. If we take the average of the unorganised sector as a whole, the figure would be much lower. These figures are for the year 1981, and the present figures in actual terms may be relatively higher. Issues and Concerns The primary concern regarding labour in the unorganised sector is that most of them live below the poverty line. Their access to the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education, health and other forms of social security is extremely poor. One of the major reasons for this is that they are not organised. They lack organisations which can effectively represent their issues and problems at the national level. The established trade unions in the country, including the left unions, have completely neglected this sector. This is reflected in the membership figures of the central trade union organisations. According to the latest verification of membership conducted by the central government in 1990, the membership of the top five unions is around 10 millions, which is roughly around 3 per cent of the total working population in the country. Even though this includes both the organised sector as well as the unorganised sector, the proportion of the latter is very in significant. For example, according to 1980 figures, the INTUC, which at that time was the largest union, had only 15 unions in the agricultural sector with a membership of 25,931, which is slightly more than one per cent of its total membership of over 22 lakhs. Similarly, CITU hid only 14 unions with a membership of 2,212, which is less than one per cent of its total membership of over 3 lakhs. There are, of course, certain structural difficulties in organising workers in the unorganised sector. Unlike in. the organised sector, the existing conditions are not conducive to the functioning of trade unions. In the organised sector, that is, in large factories and other establishments, collective  bargaining institutions are well developed and trade unions are accepted as legitimate organisations representing workers. In other words, the means of struggle for better wage and working conditions are institutionalised. This is however not the case with the unorganised sector. The following are some of the problems at the very fundamental level in this sector. 1. Employment regulation In the unorganised sector the primary issue is regulation of employment. This is a very difficult task for unions to achieve. The employment contract is unwritten and informal. Workers are at the mercy of the employer. Giving an appointment letter is unheard of in this sector. By making the very employment relationship informal, the employer keeps himself out of the statutory obligations. Workers in order to make any legal claim have to first identified the employer and establish the employment relationship. Quite apart from these legal problems, since workers depend on the employer who may be a contractor or a middleman or the principal employer himself, for their sustenance, they dare not take recourse to legal action. This problem is more acute in the case of migrant workers, for instance, in the construction industry. Another means of bypassing a formal employment relationship adopted by trader-merchant-manufacturer is to utilise the home-based family labour. The so-called self employed workers in beedi, carpet, handloom, coir, hosiery and a host of other industries, come under this category. The trader-merchant-manufacturer or his middlemen provide the raw material to the home-based workers and collect the semi-finished or finished goods which they market themselves. The price that the workers get for their value-addition is very low and equivalent to wages, and their living conditions are no better than the wage labour. So, the self-employed who constitute nearly 56 per cent of the total workforce in the country are not really self-employed in the true sense. In the absence of a formal employment relationship the established trade unions, which are more used to functioning in the organised sector where all that they have to do is submit charter of demands and negotiate a reasonable bargain for the workers, find it extremely difficult to fight for workers in the unorganised sector. Trade union work in the unorganised sector is much more demanding and relates to certain structural changes of very fundamental  nature which requires struggle at various levels. The means and strategies to be adopted for achieving these changes also differ very much with those that are adopted in the organised sector. The following are the three different levels at which the trade unions in the unorganised sector have to fight. †¢ Grass-root Level †¢ Labour Courts †¢ Political Level At the grass-root level, as mentioned earlier, it is very difficult to identify a single, consistent employer to deal with. As a deliberate strategy, contractors keep changing from time to time in order to avoid any legal binding. Also, at times, workers themselves move from one workplace to another. In certain cases such as domestic workers, unions have to deal with multiple employers who are not concentrated in one place but scattered all over. Given such a wide variation and the fluid state of employer-employee relationship, unions in this sector have to evolve innovative strategies to fight for the basic rights of their members. The second level of struggle is in the labour courts. Since the employer-employee relationship in this sector is not institutionalised, the disputes invariably end up in litigation. For instance, in case of contract workers in the organised sector much of the trade union work involves fighting court cases, which demands not only determination on the part of the unions but also resources. This is one of the major reasons why the unions of the workers in the organised sector turn a blind eye to the plight of the contract and casual workers. The third and the most important level of struggle is at the political level for policy changes and enactment of protective legislation by the government. This requires the unions to have a wider support base coupled with political campaigns. 2. Lack of trade union consciousness In this sector the very idea of trade union organisation is new. Due to their insecure employment situation, workers are not always forthcoming to participate in the union activity. The unions have an extremely difficult task of gaining the confidence of workers to begin with, and then convincing them -about the importance of dealing with their employers collectively  rather than as individuals. 3. Struggle for legitimacy In the unorganised sector, the basic struggle of the trade unions is for legitimacy of their own existence and freedom to function as trade unions. They are confronted with hostile employers whose basic advantage in operating in the unorganised sector is its unregulated employment and availability of cheap labour. Since trade unions by their very nature fight for regulation of employment, better wages and social security measures, they strike it the very root of this advantage. This results in a bitter conflict in which very often the trade unions are at the receiving end. Given such hostility to any form of trade union activity in this sector, the union activists have to find various means of obtaining legitimacy. Where hostility is very high, the activists function only as a voluntary organisation. As the situation improves they start functioning both as a voluntary organisation as well as a trade union simultaneously. Since, by definition, these two types of organisations have different legal status the activists function as either, depending on the need and circumstance. Such a strategy is essential in order to continue the organisational effort in a hostile environment. 4. Issues related to development policy Trade unions in the unorganised sector are confronted with not merely employment and wage issues, but also are forced to raise certain fundamental issues related to developmental policy. This is so because, in various sectors, such as fisheries, forestry, agriculture, etc., the workers directly depend, on natural resources for their livelihood. Governments development policy has a direct bearing on their lives. For instance, the forest workers, who have for generations lived in forests and enjoyed certain customary rights over forest resources, are now confronted with modem developmental agencies such as state corporations which have drawn boundaries within the forest area depriving them of their traditional rights, and in many cases even displacing them. The local people depend on forests for fuel, fodder, and material to build their houses. The forest corporations which were created with the explicit purpose of directly taking up commercial activity related to forest resources, and thereby replacing  the middlemen who had been exploiting the forests, have, in reality, deprived the local peoples access to the forests. Another example is that of fish workers living near and around Chilika Lake located in Orissa on the eastern coast. Thousands of fish workers for generations hid depended on this lake for their livelihood. But now, with government leasing out the lake to private entrepreneurs for developing prawn culture for export, these workers have been debarred from fishing in the lake. Such issues, related to the governmental policy can be taken up only at the national level, which means that there should be a national level organisation to represent the interests of the unprotected workers in the unorganised sector. Today, unfortunately, such an organisation does not exist. 5. Lack of visibility Lastly, the workers in the unorganised sector lack visibility at the national level. In contrast to workers in the organised sector, their working conditions and problems hardly ever become subjects of national debate. This is best illustrates by the fact that the primary focus of the New Economic Policy is the organised sector. The question of exit policy has generated a great deal of debate, and become a politically sensitive issue. It is a different matter whether the government is genuinely concerned about the retrenched workers in the organised sector. The point is, in the unorganised sector, which employs more than 90% of the total workforce in the country, redundancies and retrenchments are a daily affair. Ironically, this issue has never merited a debate or discussion either in the media or in the trade union establishments. Source:Unprotected Labour in India – Issues and Concerns by Sarath Davala (ed.) Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 1994, pp:1-13.

Shakespeare presents Antony, Cleopatra, and Caesar as committed only to

The language Shakespeare uses in Antony and Cleopatra is concerned overwhelmingly with image and display. As Enobarbus describes the first meeting of the lovers we are drawn in to a world of colour and wealth, ‘The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,/ Burned on the water’. Cleopatra herself is described in even more majestic – even divine – terms, ‘o’erpicturing’ the goddess Venus. Antony himself is ‘the crown of the earth’, whose eyes ‘glowed like plated Mars’, while Caesar is ‘a Jove’, whose ascendancy will bring ‘the time of universal peace’ – an allusion, Rene Weis suggests, to the everlasting kingdom of Christ. However, it is debatable as to whether the characters themselves share the intent of the grand words surrounding them, and if they are as committed to image as this quotation suggests. Antony, in fact, seems to surrender his public image completely for Cleopatra’s sake. The play opens with a comment on the received view, Antony has become a ‘strumpet’s fool’. Indeed, he is willing to sacrifice Rome and his worldly status in virtue of his love for Cleopatra, ‘let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch/ Of the ranged empire fall’. Only absolute political necessity can draw him from Egypt, and even then he recognises that ‘i’th’East my pleasure lies’. His marriage to Octavia angers Cleopatra greatly, but it was enacted only to placate Caesar and is soon rendered useless as he returns promptly to Egypt. Furthermore, his heroic image [he was said by Plutarch to have been like Hercules] is damaged by his preferences, Caesar mocks him as ‘womanly’ while even Antony himself cries at Cleopatra’s servant ‘O, thy vile lady! She has robbed me of my sword!’ In a sense, it appears that Antony has been unmanned by his com... ...d me my robes, put on my crown’ – shows her determination to make a memorable final tableau. On the other hand, and more likely given the divine undertones and implications in the language, she seeks Antony in a life beyond death, realising that life and politics – those ‘baser elements’ – are trivial compared to everlasting love. A conclusion can now be established. Antony is positively unconcerned with display, he sacrifices image and politics alike for the love of his Egyptian queen. Caesar is centred on image – the very nature of his role in power demands it, and his highly rhetorical speeches are testament to this aspect of his character. Cleopatra seems to develop as the play progresses from a character more comparable to Caesar to truly Antony’s lover, ultimately sacrificing the most precious gift – life itself – in favour of an afterlife in his company. Shakespeare presents Antony, Cleopatra, and Caesar as committed only to The language Shakespeare uses in Antony and Cleopatra is concerned overwhelmingly with image and display. As Enobarbus describes the first meeting of the lovers we are drawn in to a world of colour and wealth, ‘The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne,/ Burned on the water’. Cleopatra herself is described in even more majestic – even divine – terms, ‘o’erpicturing’ the goddess Venus. Antony himself is ‘the crown of the earth’, whose eyes ‘glowed like plated Mars’, while Caesar is ‘a Jove’, whose ascendancy will bring ‘the time of universal peace’ – an allusion, Rene Weis suggests, to the everlasting kingdom of Christ. However, it is debatable as to whether the characters themselves share the intent of the grand words surrounding them, and if they are as committed to image as this quotation suggests. Antony, in fact, seems to surrender his public image completely for Cleopatra’s sake. The play opens with a comment on the received view, Antony has become a ‘strumpet’s fool’. Indeed, he is willing to sacrifice Rome and his worldly status in virtue of his love for Cleopatra, ‘let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch/ Of the ranged empire fall’. Only absolute political necessity can draw him from Egypt, and even then he recognises that ‘i’th’East my pleasure lies’. His marriage to Octavia angers Cleopatra greatly, but it was enacted only to placate Caesar and is soon rendered useless as he returns promptly to Egypt. Furthermore, his heroic image [he was said by Plutarch to have been like Hercules] is damaged by his preferences, Caesar mocks him as ‘womanly’ while even Antony himself cries at Cleopatra’s servant ‘O, thy vile lady! She has robbed me of my sword!’ In a sense, it appears that Antony has been unmanned by his com... ...d me my robes, put on my crown’ – shows her determination to make a memorable final tableau. On the other hand, and more likely given the divine undertones and implications in the language, she seeks Antony in a life beyond death, realising that life and politics – those ‘baser elements’ – are trivial compared to everlasting love. A conclusion can now be established. Antony is positively unconcerned with display, he sacrifices image and politics alike for the love of his Egyptian queen. Caesar is centred on image – the very nature of his role in power demands it, and his highly rhetorical speeches are testament to this aspect of his character. Cleopatra seems to develop as the play progresses from a character more comparable to Caesar to truly Antony’s lover, ultimately sacrificing the most precious gift – life itself – in favour of an afterlife in his company.

A Microfinance MIS

Mifos is an internet based management information system designed for microfinance. The system is user friendly and flexible for the company and it’s client information. Mifos is a unique system that provides tools which allows the user to research client’s information. This information used for this system would research information such as payments, client personal information for their accounts, reports and much more. The system helps the user navigate to different accounts and provides details of an individual client. There are several tabs the user can navigate to with the system. The first tab is the home tab which allows the user to search for the client’s information by name or groups. The second tab is clients and accounts tab to give full detail of the client’s information. In this tab the user can assist the client with opening accounts, closing and reviewing the client’s information and questions the client may have. The third tab is the report tab; this tab is used to process operational and financial reports. The last tab is the Administrative tab which is only used by a designated office administrator to create new system users and find office products. These tabs are provided to make sure information can be accessed and the side tabs are in place help the user navigate through the system without problems. The Mifos system is for IT skilled users and designed for financing purposes only.

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

War, by its very nature, is an act that is a display of horror, violence, terror, suffering and most of all death (William Einwechter, 2004). But the question is, can the engagement of a nation in a war be considered just? What exactly is a just war? By definition, a just war is a conflict that is engaged by two nations with a fixed set of rules for combat (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006). But this exception applies if the two combatants possess similar traits (Philiosophy, 2006). In the Christian perspective, war, or the engagement in it, is bound by certain qualifications to make the war devoid of sin (Einwechter, 2004).God Himself has depicted Himself as a warrior, waging wars on the unrighteous (Einwechter, 2004). It would be understood that if warfare is inherently evil, then warfare would not be a correct and accurate depiction of God's character (Einwechter, 2004). And second, God directly ordered his people to engage in war, to annihilate threats to their country a nd people (Einwechter, 2004). But to better get a grasp of war, we must include in the two views that are inherent in the decision to see if a war is right or wrong.The pacifist belief holds that all war or the engagement in war is inherently wrong, while the realist belief states that in war, all is fair and right (John Buell, 2002). But the concept of engaging in war cannot be deduced to the superiority of one party over the other in terms of military might (Paul Ramsey, 2002). To Christians, what is made as the case for declaring a war unjust is when the commandment against killing is viewed in a legalistic manner, precluding all other interpretations (Ramsey, 2002).The war on terrorism cannot be viewed therefore as a just and correct conflict (Dale Snauwaert, 2002). Terrorism is not an identifiable enemy, just as what God commanded in the ordering of wars against certain and specific people (Einwechter, 2004). As President Bush's statement attests, the war is on terrorism, not o n a single threat of a nation or alliance (Snauwaert, 2002). The President's â€Å"war† is not with a terrorist nation, but an ideology, a strategy (Snauwaert, 2002). Secondly, in the Bush war, the threat is not imminent (Snauwaert, 2002).It is what the government calls â€Å"pre-emptive action†, an attack against a perceived, not an actual, threat (Snauwaert, 2002). The mandate for the use of violence, such as in engaging in war, is the prevention of violence, not the spread of it (David Nils Gyllenhaal). Citing from law enforcement, if a criminal will do more harm if he is not killed, then the actions in war is to stop the incidence of a nation's actions in spreading its violence, and that will take force to accomplish (Gyllenhaal).ReferencesBuell, J. (2002). Just war theory and the wars of the 20th century. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2002/3/02. 03. 01. x. html Einwechter, W. (2004). A Christain Perspective on just war. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. visionforumministries. org/issues/ballot_ box/a_christian_perspective_on_jus. aspx Gyllenhaal, D. (n. d. ). Just war theory: a new church perspective. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www.newphilosophyonline. org/journal/data/111a/Gyllenhaal_Article– New_Philosophy_January-June_2008. pdf. Ramsey, P. (2002). The Just War: Force and Political Responsibilty. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield 2002 Snauwaert, D. T. (2002). The Bush doctrine and just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. trinstitute. org/ojpcr/6_1snau. pdf. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2006). Just war theory. Retrieved September 24, 2008, from http://www. iep. utm. edu/j/justwar. htm

Nature of the sales environment. Essay Example

Nature of the sales environment. Essay Example Nature of the sales environment. Paper Nature of the sales environment. Paper For example, a swimmer has to do practice regularly for hours in order to keep them fit for competitions. Even though the swimmer has succeeded in number of competition he has to work out regularly, everyday in order to defend his position at the highest level. During his training swimmer should focus on the mistakes which had made in the past competitions, also should train and prepare himself in such a way that shouldnt repeat the same mistakes in future. There is an analogy between the competitive sports and salesmanship. As like in sports salesperson has to master the art of selling he products of the enterprise to the customers. The sales person himself should learn the fundamentals of selling and master them in order to get best results. The nature of sales personality depends on certain extent on heredity and environment. An intelligent salesman would combine the study and actual practice of the fundamentals by analysis. (Management-hub, 201 2) Many studies have been conducted on understanding the customer and uncovering why some sales seem so easy and others seem almost impossible, even when the salesperson is using the same technique. In fact, he correct environment for customers to purchase and have business dealings with companies is a science. There are many rules and verifiable factors that can either increase or decrease the likelihood of making a sale. To understand the findings of these studies, everyone need to examine the common points listed below. (Sale Creators, 2007) 1. Leave the customer in their comfort zone. 2. Let the customer see you want to help and serve. 3. Do not feel hurried or pressured. 4. Do not hurry or pressure your customer. 5. Have effective human relations communications skills. . Have the sales environment maintained, clean and uncluttered. To increase a buyers receptiveness, a business has to take the findings of the points above and replace or correct any area that might be a concern for their customer. Every customer has anxieties when they meet a new person for the first time, or when they are in a new environment like a shop or store. This anxiety comes from the always present unknowns with a new encounter. A lot Of people have similar thought of or expressed these statements at one time in their lives. This is what defines their comfort zones. When comfort ones are challenged to expand humans often fight the process. Many times nobody do not want to change from what is comfortable. The removal of any of these buying anxieties creates a more positive sales environment. (Sale Creators, 2007) Pete Keno says: that generally in the business, it is necessary to find efficient methods of changing the sales environment. This might be necessary while the company evaluates it profitability during a sales year and finds they have experienced a loss. Transforming the sales environment will be no easy job for a company, however management can achieve this through utilizing the eve major factors of sales success. It is essential that every sales staff, including the managers, are trained in 5 features of sales strategies; defining the sales campaign, sales motivation, sales presentation, sales methodologies, and sales leadership skills. These five vital elements of sales techniques will arm your company with a successful sales team, the backbone of a companys overall profitability and long-term viability. Sales Success, 201 2) The first sale success will need in changing the sales environment is defining the sales operation. This begins with knowing targets Of client including demographic factors like age, educational background, earnings level, geographic location, and ethnicity. By knowing whom to go after with a product or service, available efficiently develop the companys sales presentation. A sales team needs the proper amoun t of time to prepare an effective sales technique when making the presentation. This consists of correct training in the next part of the five armor elements of sales success, sales methodologies. Provide the workers proper training including online programs and in-house training so people would be ready to stay updated tit modern sales presentation trends. Giving the sales team the required training would assist to stay motivated to do the best possible job in their sales efforts for any company. When the success of the company relies upon changing the sales environment, equip your sales team with the very best tools offered by training them sales techniques. Sales Success, 201 2) As was discussed, role of selling plays an important thing for any business, but for example, international selling for economic survival of every country, because it permits to have the balance between their export earnings and import expenditure also known as the balance of payments. (Jobber and Lancaster, 1997) Economy Watch news wrote out: that the UK is the 7th leading importer a nd the 1 lath leading exporter in the world. Accordingly, the UK holds a massive trade deficit with the rest of the world, second only to the US. In 201 0, UK imports were worth US 546. 5 billion dollar with exports valued at only LOSSES. 6 billion dollar. Despite recent attempts by the government to reduce the trade deficit, the latest data from Auks Office of National Statistics points to an ever-widening trade gap. Since the beginning of 2011 , Auks monthly trade deficit has hit record levels of more than E billion per month. The monthly deficit in the Suffer 2011 is also exceeding the previous record level of E. 5 billion per month reached in 2007. The increase in Auks budget deficit has also affected Auks trade deficit. Therefore, the Auks austerity plan to cut down public spending is necessary in order to reduce the trade deficit as well. So here is seen how necessarily international sales for UK in a whole. (Economy Watch, 201 2) Importing is when an individual or cuisines brings goods or services into the UK from another country. Careful consideration as to the practicalities needs to be given if intend to imports goods; this may include how to get the goods into the country, as well as the legal requirements. Under UK law, a number of legal responsibilities are imposed on a company, if wish to import goods in the ASK. One of the first and probably most important duties being that will have to check if the Department for Business, Innovation Skills (IBIS) requires business to have a license. (Inbreed, 2012) By the way selling overseas is different compared to he domestic market, it however, provides individual firms with a number of benefits. As access to international markets becomes easier and more companies enter those markets, the competition between companies becomes harder, no matter which industry they Operate in. Donaldson (2006) notes that even if the company does not do business abroad it is more likely to face competition from foreign firms in their home market, therefore by deciding to sell abroad it becomes more competitive and less vulnerable to economic crises. Other benefits are the opportunity for companies to achieve cost savings through increased economies of scale, as well as greater sales and faster growth due to demand in other markets which in turn can compensate the loss in the domestic market. All these is now possible due to technology which allows firms to control and coordinate operations globally because through the invention of internet and telecommunication the interaction with external customers and suppliers became much quicker and easier. Another important factor is Language because the first challenge when dealing with international markets is to overcome the language barrier. It is especially crucial in direct selling. Good knowledge of the another language will make sales easier and can make a dramatic difference because the salesperson has greater access to a local society and no interpreter is required. Companies usually translating theirs product advertising in local language, for example, umbra the ILK sports manufacturer had to withdraw a whole range of trainers called Gallon, after a number of complains from individuals and other organizations regarding its name. This is because Gallon was the name of the gas used to murder millions of Jews in concentration camps. This problem exists in any foreign company not only for UK firms; Chevrolet Nova also suffered poor sales in Latin America because No VA in Spanish translated as does not go . Honda introduced their new car Fiat into Nordic countries in 2001. Fifthly had taken the time to undertake some cross cultural marketing research they may have discovered that fit was an old word used in vulgar language in Swedish, Norwegian and Danish. In the end they renamed it Honda Jazz. The Swedish furniture giant KEA somehow agreed upon the name fretful for one of its new desks. All these examples show that the companies were not fully aware of the translation and meaning of their brand names implied in the native languages of the markets they were dealing with, which proves and study of the language would have saved them a lot of money. Quintessential, 2010) This proves that differences in culture creates some ethical dilemmas or misbehaver and in order to overcome potential pitfalls the companies should refer to the help of specialists such as a cross cultural consultant, who would examine words, images, pictures, and colors to ensure that they fit well with the targeted market. Also companies must do cross cultural training to equip their r epresentatives with the knowledge of two or three cultures that are likely to be at the table during a negotiation, as well as pay more attention to marketing and advertising requirements in overseas markets. Quintessential, 201 0) Also possible to add that, any material intended for import is sourced consistently with the legal and ethical review requirements in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. When an individual, establishment or organization imports material for research, it is good practice for approval to be obtained room a research ethics authority or the local equivalent in the source country beforehand. Many countries have research ethics arrangements which operate to agreed standards. The ethical review in the source country may, in some cases, be considered to provide suitable assurances for the importing of material into SKI market. Human Tissue Authority, 2012) For example, tobacco manufactures use different pricing depending on the country they import to, in the UK cigarettes are more expensive than in Russia or some European countries, because of the high import tariffs and taxes imposed by he UK government. Political factors can also affect methods of selling that companies choose to distribute their products, Poppy Corporation that used direct selling techniques failed to enter Japan market because this form of selling is considered by the government as a base for criminal activity. In order to comply with Japans regulations Poppy should have changed its business plan to selling its products in retail stores. (Inbreed, 2012) Other difficult area of management is Sales forecasting. Most managers believe they are good at forecasting. However, forecasts made usually turn UT to be wrong. Marketers argue about whether sales forecasting is a science or an art. The short answer is that it is a bit of both. Businesses are forced to look well ahead in order to plan their investments, launch new products, decide when to close or withdraw products and so on. The sales forecasting process is a critical one for most businesses. Key decisions that are derived from a sales forecast include: Employment levels required Promotional mix Investment in production capacity For example, accurately forecasting sales and building a sales plan can help o manage production, staff and financing needs more effectively and possibly avoid unforeseen cash flow problems. While its always wise to expect the unexpected, a well-constructed sales plan, combined with accurate sales forecasting, can allow to spend more time developing business rather than responding to day-to-day developments in sales and marketing. (Tutor to you, 201 2) In conclusion, it is definitely possible to state: that on nature of selling in general affects a lot of important aspects, because with the development of the UK and global market individual companies have been effected in different ways. To avoid any negative impacts, companies should include and underline all arguments which was stated above. The main responsibility of the Sales managers is to meet and interact with a variety of customers including their own employees so as to understand the real needs of customers and devise qualitative and effective plans to meet the requirements of the customers. Some companies were waited success, they discovered new opportunities for expansion and growth, while others faced fierce competition and struggled to overcome the external pressure caused y cultural, ethical, economic, legal and political and other differences.

Events of climate change and impact of climate change Essay

Events of climate change and impact of climate change - Essay Example (2007) describes climate change as the statistically substantial variation in the mean condition of climate (p.145). Climate change has also been described by Maunder (1992, p. 34) as a change in climate ascribed directly or indirectly to human activity that changes the global atmospheric composition observed over a period. Ocean variability, solar radiation variations, plate tectonics, volcanic explosions, human activities and orbital variations cause climate change. Oceans are vital and critical elements of the climate system (Christopherson, 1992, p.223). Short-term changes in oceanic oscillations cause climate variations. Modification to ocean processes plays a significant role in spreading heat through slow and deep water movement. Differences in earth’s orbit positions cause seasonal changes in sunlight distribution (Christopherson, 1992, p.222). There are three types of orbital variations i.e. earth’s eccentricity variation, variation of the tilt angle of earth’s axis of rotation and the earth’s axis precession. Climate change causes variations in sun radiation. It has triggered little ice age, and temperature increase observed in 1900’s to 1950’s. Volcanism is a significant factor that triggers climate change. Wignall (2001) asserts that volcanic erupti ons emit carbon dioxide causing immense effects on the climate (p. 21). Forest et al. (1999) assert that plate tectonics affects local and global patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation (p. 23). Solomon et al. (2009, p. 1705) asserts that human activities leading to increased carbon dioxide emission are the key factors contributing to climate change. Effects and Events of Climate change Climate change still remains to be a global hazard since the green house gases continue to increase across the world (McCathy, 2001, p. 124). Climate change has adverse effects on the environment, ecological systems and the social systems (Cline, 2007, p. 145). Climate change increases or

Coastal Erosion on Essex Coast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coastal Erosion on Essex Coast - Essay Example Expenditure on coasts has risen to protect the coast from further depletion as well as shielding nearby residences from flooding. People have tried for many years to control erosion by the abrasive forces of the ocean. In the following paragraphs, I will depict some of the reasons for the erosion of international coastlines. Then, find will analyze the types of sea defences that can protect coastlines. Then we will evaluate which sea defence is will aid Clacton on Essex coast. Coastal erosion is the local loss of coastal landmass due to natural processes such as waves, winds and tides, or even due to human interference. There are many reasons why there is an erosion happens on coastland. A simpler reason is because the pounding of waves that affect the shoreline daily (i.e. High tide and low tide.) The natural causes such as storms, hurricanes, instanteous surges toward the shore can change the form of the shore. Large storm-generated waves often cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely in the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments. Erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby. On rocky coasts, coastal erosion can result in dramatic rock formations in areas where the coastline contains stones with a plethora of resistances to erosion. The softer areas of a beach will be eroded much faster than the harder ones, which can result in typical structural land masses such as tunnels, bri dges, columns, and pillars. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion) Some insinuate the temperature change of the climate due to global warming may contribute to erosion. As the planet's temperature rises, the ice caps in the north and south begin to melt and results in higher sea levels. The increased in temperature is do to emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The planetary climate system varies through natural, internal processes and in response to variations in external factors including solar radiation, volcanic emissions, and human proliferated greenhouse gases. The detailed causes of the recent warming remain an active field of research, but the scientific studies insists that increased levels of greenhouse gases due to human activity as the main component. This attribution is clearest for the most recent fifty years, for which the most detailed data are available. Contrasting with this view, other hypotheses have been proposed to explain some of the observe d increase in global temperatures, including: the warming is within the range of natural variation; the warming is a consequence of coming out of a prior cool period, namely the Little Ice Age; or the warming is primarily a result of variances in solar radiation, higher sea levels will strengthen the displacement of sediments and can affect coastal habitats. In addition, droughts can cause vegetation to die. When the vegetation dies, the land is loose because the roots no longer can hold together the ground because it is decaying. Therefore, coastal erosion can easily uproot and erode the dry land mass. Furthermore, flooding has been for centuries a major problem for residents residing near shores. Not only does water destroy property or sacrosanct materials, but it can decapitate homes and threaten life. Coastal erosion affects homes, tourism, and businesses. When many settle in a coastal area, they begin building homes. Then, if that area has a tourist attraction,

PGCE Unit 1 professional practice ( A reflective journal ) Essay

PGCE Unit 1 professional practice ( A reflective journal ) - Essay Example In further elaboration of the motivation phenomenon, Atherton (2004) defines it as "either intrinsic/expressive (doing something for its own sake) or extrinsic/instrumental (doing something for some other reason)." Contrary to Petty’s (1993) presentation, Atherton (2004) emphasises that motivation is not an indivisible whole but is comprised of two distinct forms. While Pettys (1993) assertion is largely true, he oversimplifies the complex phenomenon of motivation, in which instance one need turn to Atherton (2004) for a more accurate understanding of the mentioned. In further elaboration of the stated, while Petty has correctly identified the centrality of motivation to effective learning, he incorrectly identifies teachers as the primary instigators of motivation. In essence, Petty (1993:32) lays much, if not all, of the responsibility for the generation of motivation upon teachers whereby he defines this particular task as the "greatest challenge that many teachers face." This is an oversimplification of the phenomenon of motivation, implying that motivation is essentially extrinsic whereby, as noted by Atherton (2004) it is both intrinsic and extrinsic. A teacher, through the enthusiasm with which he/she approaches the information communication responsibility, can similarly enthuse learners and, through the creation of a positive learning environment, characterized by encouragement and trust, can enhance the confidence levels of individual learners, thereby injecting them with the motivation to learn. However, as may be observed, a teachers motivation-elevation capacities are limited to the extrinsic, while effective learning is predicated on the presence of requisite minimal levels of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Petty does not admit to the explicated differentiation, rendering his observation only partially accurate. As language, literacy and numeracy skills vary

Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy - Assignment Example The consideration was mainly for the couple that needed child and the child’s welfare was never the main issue. This has since changed and today and therefore during an adoption process the main issue that must be addressed is the welfare of the child. Despite there being corruption here and there that may hinder the due process of adoption to unwind, the environment of today tries to make adoption to be able to focus on how comfortable the child is going be during after he has been placed in the hands of adoptive parents (VanderMolen, 2005).. In this regard, unlike in the early years when the adoption of a child was almost like accounting the child to the highest bidder, what matters today is that the family or individual willing to adopt a child has to show that they will be able to provide the child with a viable environment in which to grow. They must show that they are not only financially capable to provide for the child but that they are also emotionally stable to give the child the emotional needs he or she requires in order to develop well from childhood to adulthood. This has also meant that the process of adoption is a long one and it is not a one day process. Anyone willing to adopt a child today must be willing to take a lengthy process that will finally determine if they are qualified. I also learn that adoption has also changed in other ways. For instance, during the inception of adoption, adoption was mainly for couples who did not have the biological ability to have their own children. Today, even a single individual can adopt a child and so they do not have to be a married couple. Even untraditional couples such as in gay marriages can adopt a child, but that depends on the state from which they come because some states do not allow gay marriages and so this would be a precedence to determine if the state will allow them to adopt a

The Relationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Organisational Profitability Finance Essay

The Relationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Organisational Profitability Finance Essay It is well known fact that the goal of any organisation is to meet the needs and the requirements of its stakeholders. Satisfying this need will not only ensure the survival of the organisation but also allow it to flourish. Among the several stakeholders, customers are presumed to be one of the most important stakeholders as no organisation can survive and succeed without them. Accordingly, marketers emphasize on research in the area of consumer behaviour and particularly behavioural intention. Knowledge of consumer behaviour will go a long way in ensuring effective marketing policies towards the interest of customers which will eventually facilitates positive customer attitude towards the organisations. More especially, since customer behavioural intention is a strong indication of his actual behaviour. 2. As a result of financial sector liberalization in Sri Lanka in the 1979, the banking sector experienced a boom. Low entry requirements such as capital of Rs 10 million by the regulatory authority and the high premiums that could be earned through foreign exchange business led to the quick entry by new players into the lucrative banking industry. In Sri Lanka between the period of 1979 to 2011 the number of commercial banks rose from 11 to 32 (Central Bank of Sri Lanka- CBSL)  [6]   3. The banking industry is highly competitive, with banks not only competing among each other; but also with non-banks and other financial institutions (Hull, 2002)  [7]  . Most bank product developments are easy to duplicate and when banks provide nearly identical services, they can only distinguish themselves on the basis of price and quality. Therefore, customer retention is potentially an effective tool that banks can use to gain a strategic advantage and survive in todays ever-increasing banking competitive environment. The majority of Sri Lankan commercial banks are owns by Sri Lanka Banking companies and the States and they are not much diversified in terms of the products and services they offer. Therefore almost all banks are offered almost identical products to their customers. Mendzela, was of the view that it is an indication of bank reaching the maturity phase of the product lifecycle and has become commoditized. One strategic focus that banks can implement to remain competitive would be to retain as many customers as possible  [8]  . 4. As discussed earlier, financial sector has shown unprecedented growth after deregulation in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan financial markets have experienced drastic changes after financial liberalization during 1979 and that provokes competition among financial institutions especially in banking sector. This competition leads to the introduction of customer oriented products in the market to meet the expectations of customers. Satisfaction is a multidimensional construct which has been conceptualized as a prerequisite for building relationships and is generally described as the full meeting of ones expectations (Oliver, 1980). 5. The most significant trend, relevant to all industries, which characterizes in 21st century, is severe competition between companies. In current operational environment, defined by constant change and uncertainty, organisations are forced to seek new ways to achieve the competitive advantage. This is particularly true for financial services industry where deregulation has brought a considerable choice for customers in satisfying their needs. Banks have high financial leverage capital structure, where customers bank deposits are considered as a bank debt. Therefore, customer turnover may result not just in diminishing profit margin but also in financial services provider existence. Apart from that, loyalty and satisfaction resulting in switching to another financial services provider may be used as a competitive advantage for acquisition new market share enticing consumers of the competitor. 6. Customer satisfaction has become interesting tool for commercial banks with the competition and it has become a practice to keep customer satisfied by banks, as satisfied customers will enhance customer loyalty towards their banks which will ultimately improve banks performance and profitability. The importance of customer satisfaction cannot be dismissed because happy customers are like free advertising. Many of us have heard of the current trend for businesses to become highly customer-centric, that is to put the customer at the centre of our business in terms of our strategies, actions and processes. For most of us, old truths still hold well, such as it is easier and more profitable to sell to existing customers than to find new ones. In practice, organizations are increasingly setting themselves strategies to measure and ensure customer retention, and charging their staff to be more customer-focused and service-oriented. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY 7. According to Central Bank of Sri Lanka the overall performance of Licensed Commercial Banks (LCBs) remained healthy due to improved profitability and the strengthening of their capital position. The activities of LCBs expanded at a moderate pace in the first half of 2010. Total assets of the LCBs expanded by Rs. 139 billion or 5.5 per cent due to a growth in lending activities coupled with an increase in investment in government securities and the equities market. Meanwhile, deposits increased by four per cent or Rs. 74 billion as against 9 per cent in the previous year due to the lower interest rates that prevailed in the market during the period  [9]  . 8. As mentioned earlier, banking sector has shown unprecedented growth after deregulation in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan financial markets experienced drastic changes after liberalization during early 1979 that provokes tough competition among financial institutions especially in banking sector. This competition leads to the introduction of customer orientedd products in the market to meet the expectations of customers. 9. According to the Fitch Ratings (2012)  [10]  , Sri Lankan banking sector is concentrated and dominated by public-sector banks that accounted for about half of sector assets at end of 2010. The six large banks identified as Systemically Important Banks (SIB)  [11]  accounted for 64 per cent of sector assets at end of 2010. They are Bank of Ceylon,Commercial Bank, Hatton National Bank, Peoples Bank, Sampath Bank and Seylan Bank. Fitch ratings has further pointed out that the Sri Lankan banking system experienced a strong upturn in profitability in 2010, with ROA increasing to 1.8 per cent, significantly above the 1.1 per cent average in 2000-2009, largely due to a reduction in credit costs. However, profitability decreased in 2011, with the sector posting an ROA of 1.6 per cent, largely due to the contraction in net interest margins (NIMs) with intensifying competition. 10. Almazari(2011)  [12]  was of the view that financial performance of a bank is its return on investment, return on assets, value additions and net assets value of a bank evaluates how the bank has used it assets to generate revenue. Further Almazari has pointed out that total assets of a bank also help to evaluate how well a bank is using its resources to make a profit. Total assets of commercial banks in Sri Lanka for the periods 2007-2011 is given below. The modern business world has expanded and competition has been created among businesses based on the profit. Financial services and assistance provided by the banking sector in Sri Lanka is at the top. These banks provide facilities not only for ordinary people but also for businessmen. Customer satisfaction plays a vital role in any successful business organization in todays business strategy. To go forward through this business banks have to compete with each other to achieve their goals, while fulfilling the basic requirements to satisfy their customers. At the very beginning, the main purpose of establishing banks were to give benefit for selected rich people, but at present, all levels of people are benefited and obtained the services from banks which have being expanded all over the country. The current banking industry in all over the world is going through turbulent times. In Sri Lanka with the lowering of entry barriers and blurring product lines of banks and non-banks since the financial sector reforms, banks are functioning increasingly under competitive pressures. This situation has created banks to maintain loyal customer base for individual banks. In order to maintain a loyal customer base and improve their market and profit positions, almost all the banks are directing their strategies towards increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty through improved service quality. In the present competitive Sri Lankan banking context, characterized by rapid change and increasingly sophisticated customers, it has become very important that banks in Sri Lanka as well to determine the service quality factors which are pertinent to the customers selection process. Therefore the current problem for the banking industry in Sri Lanka is to determine the dimensionality of custome r perception of service quality. This is because if service quality dimensions can be identified, bank should be able to improve the delivery of customer perception of quality during the service process and have greater control over the overall outcome. In relation to customer loyalty all banks in Sri Lanka has adopted various programmes to keep customers satisfied but according to discussion carried out earlier, public domestic banks are performing better than the government owned banks in the country. 12. Basically, Banks Profitability is measured with two major ratios that of Return on Average Assets and Return on Average Equity. Return on Average Assets and Return on Average Equity of five large commercial banks are for the period of five years from 2007 given below. Table 1:1 Return on Average Assets   Year BOC Peoples Bank Commercial Bank HNB Seylan ROAA ROAA ROAA ROAA ROAA Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 2007 1.11 1.4 1.67 0.87 0.67 2008 1.13 1.5 1.55 1.04 0.1 2009 0.82 1.4 1.43 1.42 0.38 2010 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.04 0.87 2011 2.01 2.5 1.98 1.78 0.64 Table 1:2 Returns on Average Equity   Year BOC Peoples Bank Commercial Bank HNB Seylan ROAE ROAE ROAE ROAE ROAE Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent 2007 14.59 20.5 20.63 35.9 13.84 2008 16.13 18.8 17.13 33.6 2.22 2009 12.85 19.7 15.83 28.9 6.2 2010 24.01 26.9 17.87 28.5 10.88 2011 33.74 42.9 20.76 24.1 6.78 (Source: Annual Reports year 2007 to 2011) 13. When ROAA and ROAE averaged for the last five years ranks of the banks on both ratios are given below. ROAA ROAE Commercial Bank Hatton National Bank Peoples Bank Peoples Bank Bank of Ceylon Bank of Ceylon Hatton National Bank Commercial Bank Seylan Bank Seylan Bank 14. From the above information it could be seen that two state owned banks has ranked number 2 and 3 in both ROAA and ROAE while a private bank has been the number 1 in ROAA and ROAE. This gives a mixed signal about the profitability of commercial banks in Sri Lanka. RESEARCH PROBLEM 15. According to the indication given in table 1 and further analysis, in terms of major measures in bank profitability, public domestic banks were headed in both measurement and two states banks were maintained second position. Therefore, the research problem for this study is as to why public domestic banks were headed in profitability and how two states banks were maintained second positions and whether it is customer satisfaction of the respective banks. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 16. Following objectives should be achieved at the end of this research. a. To discover the reasons that is attributed to the higher profits in public domestic commercial banks than the state owned commercial banks in Sri Lanka and, b. To ascertain whether it is due to customer satisfaction of the private commercial banks or any other reason. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 17. Discovering the performance between public domestic commercial banks and the state commercial banks will be more significant to the banking industry as well as to the government to introduce required mechanism to overcome the present problem if any prevailing in states banks in relation to the performances. Almost all financial institutions try to attract customers to them in the business environment .In that case commercial banks try to fulfill their customers needs in most efficient manner. Financial institutions should have the ability to identify the customers needs to give their service in efficient manner. Therefore, they have to provide good products, in good time to achieve profitability in the competitive environment. 18. The end results of this research that of customer satisfaction and commercial banks profitability in state owned and public banking companies will be of great contribution to the field in the academics and for the practitioners. This study will also assess and evaluate the level of satisfaction of the customers in the banking business in Sri Lanka which will contribute to the industry as well as to the policy makers. It will also reveal areas and factors that need consideration for improvement. Further at the end of the research, it is expected to cerate a good knowledge about what customer needs can be gained. With an understanding about the change of customer satisfaction which is depend on nature of customer, the bank can provides suitable services to their own customers. If the customer gets the service continually, the institution may also introduce innovations to their own customers. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 19. Scope of this study is to analyze all data that are available to find out as to why state commercial banks are earning less profit than the public domestic commercial banks including service quality and customer satisfaction and non-performing assets if necessary arises. Accordingly, the study will be using both primary and secondary data. In studying service quality and customer satisfaction data have to be collected through a questionnaire but in analysing NPA banks actual information which are recorded in financial statements have to consider. There is no limitation in acquiring secondary data as all information are available in the annual reports of the banks. For the purpose of collecting data there is a limitation of selection of banks. Also, when considering the profit of the banks, only internal factors that are related to the banks leaving external factors as they are beyond the scope of the study.